Oxytocin is a nonapeptide hormone synthesised in the hypothalamus and released via the posterior pituitary gland. First identified in the early twentieth century for its role in parturition and lactation, this nine-amino-acid compound has since become one of the most…

Follistatin 344 is a naturally occurring isoform of the follistatin protein, encoded by the FST gene and characterised by its high binding affinity for myostatin, a member of the TGF-β superfamily. Within the scientific literature, the follistatin 344 myostatin relationship…

AICAR, MOTS-c, and the AMPK Pathway: A Research Overview AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) and MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) are two structurally distinct research compounds that share a common mechanistic interest: both have been observed in preclinical…

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide first isolated from human plasma in 1973 by Loren Pickart. Composed of the amino acid sequence glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine and bound to a copper (II) ion, this compound has since attracted considerable attention within the…

Semax and Selank are synthetic peptide analogues developed in Russia during the latter decades of the twentieth century, originating from research into adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragments and tuftsin respectively. Both compounds have since attracted considerable interest within the neuroscience research…

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, more commonly referred to as NAD+, is a coenzyme present in virtually all living cells and plays a foundational role in oxidation-reduction reactions central to cellular metabolism. First identified in the early twentieth century, its significance in…

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide — composed of the amino acid sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly — originally derived from a naturally occurring polypeptide called epithalamin, isolated from the pineal gland of bovine subjects. First developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at…

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 without DAC (also referred to as CJC No DAC or Modified GRF 1-29) are two synthetic peptides that have attracted sustained interest in the field of growth hormone research. Both compounds act on distinct but complementary points…

IGF-1 LR3 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Long R3) is a synthetic analogue of endogenous IGF-1, engineered with a modified amino acid sequence that significantly extends its half-life and binding characteristics compared to the native peptide. First developed to improve upon the…

BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a partial sequence of Body Protection Compound, a protein found in gastric juice. Composed of 15 amino acids, it carries the sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val and has been the subject of growing scientific interest due…